Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering Essay

Ac Power Logger Using Mcp39009 Engineering EssayIn this flip we ar going to record occasion consumption using MCP3909 by using AVR 5A microcontroller. This MCP 3909 is an vigour measureing IC with SPI interface and active world-beater pulse sidetrack. Where the MCP3909 manipulationd in deuce different phases that git be operated at a time like 1.Output through active pulse power and 2. Waveform obtained as bunkup through SPI interface.For the end product genuine pulse power, the gubbins installs relative frequency product proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers information from the electric trust chargey and electric potential transport and twain atomic number 18 16 second gear second order delta sigma ADC .Through out this project time I learnt to do coding in C computer programing to swallow pulse output that shows the consumption of power. This program is developed to routine with microcontroller Easy AVR 5A type of AT M ega 16. This program is executed by using AVR studio apartment by running it through AVR Flash and the output pulse wave form is gathered at AT Mega 16 board and we plunder hold back using oscilloscope.Here to shed connection mingled with AVR board AT Mega 16 and CPU we use USB which acts like confer and we use USART to polish off info between each other(a). As in my project I have MCP3909 as separate board I should give correct connection between MCP 3909 and AT Mega 16 correct supply connections.As I am doing project in embedded microcontroller with C programming and output I transmit is pulse waveform so for better performance and other agreements I took Easy AVR AT Mega 16 development board with 8 KHz frequency.My project is AC power logger using MCP3909 where MCP 3909 is an sinew metering IC with SPI interface and active power pulse output. Where the MCP3909 apply in two different methods where they can be operated at a time like 1.Output pulse power and 2. Waveform we jack off as output through SPI interface.For the active real power pulse output, the device gives output frequency which is proportional to instantaneous power. For the waveform output, it gathers information from the current and voltage channel and both are 16 mine second order delta sigma ADC which over samples foreplay predict at frequency personify to MCLK/4 and allows large position of remark point outs. For channel 0, the increase in the current at channel 0 is done through programmable chair amplifier increase..As I get pulse count at output when we use oscilloscope to get exact count and good performance I use Easy AVR 5A AT Mega 16 microcontroller. This AT Mega 16 microcontroller allows assembly talking to and C language programming but I did coding for counting the power consumption using MCP3909 in C language.In this first I gave USB and USART connection between CPU and AT Mega 16 board, here I gave MCP3909 connection with AT Mega 16 and gave current and voltage channel remark to MC3909 and I get pulse output this is with out SPI dusk non in use but still they should be connected. But for SPI connection program I exit give voltage and current with 50hz frequency and take output voltage and current levers from the hyper terminal connection and calculate the output grades.In this whole project time I began to understand the SPI and USART connection to write program in C language and alike understood how the MCP3909 works .The energy meter is a device which is used for electrical measuring, it is used to record electrical energy consumed in specific current of time in terms unitsEvery house, small factory, business establishments, shops, moroseices etc need at minimum one energy meter to register power consumption. The one who supplies electricity raises bills based on readings shown in energy meter. The one who produces electricity sale the electricity to the electricity boards and board will sale this to costumer.So the da ta generated by the energy meter is the base to raise bill by the power supplier. This energy meter products are available in single and three phases at different current ratings as per customer entreatments.This energy meters are basically electrical and mechanical components. The design of energy meter depends upon which rating of voltage and current meter has to work.In this project the energy metering IC that we take is MCP3909 which is used for supporting IEC 62053 which is standard international meter. It gets the output frequency which is proportional to real power as input so as to access the ADC channel and output of multiplier data. The delta sigma which is 16bit ADC is used to allow large range of currents using the design. The exact or appropriate energy IC is available in the industry which is highly reliable and which has 24-lead SSOP output block.In this poweral as we can turn around it shows ch0 and ch1 channels where these are inputs and given up from the curre nt and voltage transformers .The gains g0 and g1 are also given as input and the dual functionality pin is connected for SPI connections and also for f0, f1,f2. The outputs we take from the active power DTF innovation as HFout and other outputs Fout0 and Fout1 are obtained from stepper motor output drive for active power.The above one is the general block plat of MCP3909, but the diagram that I use here shows the diagram with the connections , this shows how the MCP 3909 is interiorly connected to oscillators , pinnys and for the output using its 24pins. It shows that for the jumper j7 it connects internally to fout 0/1, hfout. For the jumper j2 it shows the connections to spi converses connected and the jumper j6 to ch0 and ch1 channels.The digital voltage acts as digital circurity in MCP3909 where it is the one where we get digital power supply. This pin requires appropriate by pass capacitors and should be maintain to 5V.In both the input channel levels this pin acts as HPF a nd where it controls the flow of signals. The logical system 1 will activate both the leachs for removing the DC offset from the system of rules and this logic 0 will disable both the strains so due to this they allow DC voltage.This is latitude circuit pin which is used to give withdrawar power supply with in MCP 3909 an this pin requires exact bypass capacitor which gives ramp signal with rising and falling edges and it must be maintained at 5V.This pins are used for current measurements and where they initially take analog voltage as input and convert to current and this will have PGA for small input signal. The rakear and the region where it characteristics of this channel are dependent on PGA gain. It relates to maximum voltage of 470Mv/G and the voltage range changes from 1 to 6 V with respectfulness to Agnd. .This pins are used for voltage measurement and this pins initially take difference analog voltage input. The linear and specific behaviour of this voltage chan nel is maximum at 660mV with absolute voltage 1VHere for the internal 2.4V fictional character the output is the reference in/out and with temperature co cost-efficient of 15ppm/c. Here by applying the voltage to this pin from the condition range we can use external reference and these reference in/out pin uses bypass capacitor to AGND even when using internal reference..This is the analog ground where all the ADC,PGA,POR and band gap reference are connected to ground and this is analog circuit. To have commotion signal to be cancelled this pin should be connected to same ground as Dgnd with star connection.This is the normal ground connection where SINC leachs, multipliers, HPF, LPF, digital to frequency convertor and oscillator this is used as internal circuit connection. To have accurate and noise to be cancelled this digital ground should be grounded same as analog ground with star connection. The output pins that are connected to MCP3909 are frequency outputs that give us real power and the signal that we get when connected to oscilloscope is pulse where this pulse period is directly proportional to power and Fc constant. This pins helps us to activate the electro mechanical counters and also two phase stepper motor.The high frequency output supplies instantaneous real power information and out put is periodic pulse and where it is directly proportional to measured l power and HFC constant obtained by F0,F1,F2 logic gates and the output that obtained is the fastest output frequency.These oscillators will provide sine waveform with measure address and these oscillators are in the main used to give clock signal for secure in the device. The clock frequency is given as 3.57MHz and this clock frequency value should range from 1to 4 MHz with out any(prenominal) wrongful conduct.In this to convert the signal from digital domain which has wide ever-changing range we use PGA to do this function which is common thing done in wire slight communication. To load normally input signal from analog to digital we need to increase the amplitude so to do this we use PGA. High firmness sigma to delta ADCs all have Programmable Gain Amplifier at input to the sigma to delta modulator is given as shown belowThe PGA on the ADs chip offer octet input ranges to ADC with 2.5 voltage reference, the eight reference voltages are 2.56V,1.28V,640mv,160mv,40mv.if reference voltage is doubled to 5v therefore full scale input for each range is halved. So the actual signal range for any PGA settings are given as,VREF*1.024/2(7-RN) where RN value is 111 when ref voltage is 2.5vThe main use of PGA is that the noise in terms of micro voltage decreases when the gain increased. In effect the input signal is gained up but the noise is non gained up, so there is an improvement in signal to noise symmetry.The pins reference sampling rate is given at 524 khz and capacitor value is fixed so there is no variation in reference current and any gain error that has due to resistance on reference input is also fixed. If reference current changes on sigma to delta the gain error that occurs also varies and the benefit of using ADC will be lost.The PGA for the ADC offers benefits of high resolution and low noise at high gain , but without the disadvantages of requiring regular calibration every time the range is changed. A buffered input and new reference sampling scheme avoid many a(prenominal) of the problems associated with previous multirange ADC.All the delta sigma ADCs , registers, filters, multipliers are controlled by set of master clear and this pin is also used to change their serial interface and behaviour or functionality. The logic 0 controls the ADC and registers in reset condition. The moreover one that uses power during master clear is oscillator.The microcontroller manufactures produce other design products so that they are related to their own design and in this we require other output pin. This condition or situation is co rrect for small design products where they have eight pins are fewer than that.This microcontroller has two output pins, one input pin , RAM flash and ADC module .For programming the microcontroller order you need MCLR and supply pins(VCC and GND). To run or make the coding active we need mainly power supply and MCLR,microcontroller must grab the difference between normal and program mode. Here the MCLR takes 12V to enter program mode and it takes external reset or input pin to enter into normal mode.The microcontroller design uses one pin for analog input and has other three outputs and it also requires an additional output, so for this reason the circuit uses MCLR pin as output. To make MCLR pin to act as output the microcontroller uses weak pull-ups.Analog to Digital Conversion (ADC) is the process of sampling unbroken analog signal and converting the signal into quantitized re feedation of signal in digital domain and all the ADC architectures will convert analog signal into digital representation.The constituted ADC process takes input signal x(t) into sequence of digital codes x(n) at sampling rate fs=1/t, where T represents sampling interval this sampling function is akin to modulating input signal by set of carrier signals with frequencies 0,fs,2fs . The sample signal is expressed as summation of original signal component and frequency, here the frequency modulated by integer multiple of sampling frequency. The signal component at frequency in input signal can non be properly sampled and much(prenominal)(prenominal) signals get folded in base band signal creating in this non-linear is referred to as aliasing . Anti-aliasing filters are therefore required to stay fresh aliasing. Many A/D converters have successive or continuous approximation register and flash converters operate at nyquist rate fn. These converters sample analog signal at sample frequency equal to twice maximum frequency of input signal.Sigma Delta AD converters do not digitize t he inclimax analog signal into digital sample of n-bit clearcutness at nyquist rate, sigma delta ADC samples the analog signal by an sample ratio N resulting FnOne of the advantages of sigma-delta ADC over nyquist ADC is the relaxation of the requirements for the anti aliasing filter. The requirement of anti-aliasing filter for nyquist rate ADC require sharp pass band (fs) to stop band (fn)The sigma delta ADC contains simple analog circuits like voltage reference, comparator, integrator,summing circuit and switch and in this the digital circuit consists of digital signal processing which acts as filter. Now consider technique of oversampling in frequency domain when converting to dc signal it has quantization error up to LSB and this sampled data has quantization noise. If ADC is less than perfect or exact value its noise is greater than quantization noise so due to this its resolution will be small than n bits and its actual resolution is given byThe sampling rate is chosen as Kf s then quantization noise is q/sqrt12 due to this noise will spread at bandwidth dc to Kfs/2 , So to reduce noise we use digital low pass filter at output with out disturbing the wanted signal. K is referred as sampling ratio and this sampling relaxes requirement on the analog antialiasing filter.Here the data rate is less than the sampling rate and to satisfy nyquist criteria and this is done by using low pass filter to reduce the bandwidth, this process can be done by giving Mth result to output with neglecting the remainder and this process is bangn as decimation by factor M. This M can have any value such that output data rate is greater than twice the bandwidth.If we use oversampling to improve resolution then the oversampling must be factor of 22N to get N bit resolution increase, the sigma delta converters does not require any large oversampling because it limits to pass band signal and shapes the quantization noise to fall outside the pass band as shown in figure.Here we ha ve 1-bit comparator (ADC) when we use it integrator output, then sum the input voltage with output of 1-bit DAC which we get from ADC output.. The digital low pass filter and decimator at digital output are added to get sigma delta ADC and after this signal is given to modulator where it modifies quantization noise by making it to lie above pass band filter ,so due to this the ENOB is larger than the expected sampling ratio.The sigma delta ADC operation is like the input given as Vin which is dc and the integrator consistently motion up and down at node A and here output of comparator is given to 1-bit DAC and summing point at node B. This negative feedback value will posture the average dc voltage at node B to be equal to Vin. The output voltage from the DAC is controlled in the 1-bit data stream of the comparator output. After that when the input signal rises at Vref, the number of ones at the serial bit stream also increase and due to this there is decrease in zeroes and in the same way as the signal of Vref goes negative the serial bit stream at one decrease and at zero it increases. Here it shows that average value at voltage as input is in serial bit stream which comes from comparator and decimator and filter allow stream and give output.The data from the 1-bit ADC is not worth full when the given input value is single sample interval, so when we have more number of samples that are averaged will provide correct value. The sigma delta can not give detailed values in the time domain because of the single bit data output, so when the single input is near validating side it shows more ones than zero and in the same way when the input signal is near to negative it shows more number of zeroes than ones and if it is in midscale then it shows equal number of zeroes and ones.The below figure shows the output of integrator for two conditions where the first one is for input zero near the midscale so decode them pass output samples through low pass filter that a verages every four samples this shows the bipolar zero. So from this we can say that if more number of samples are averaged more dynamic range is obtained.The sigma delta ADC can also be seen as synchronous voltage to frequency converter with the counter. If the number of ones in the output data stream is counted from the samples then the counter output will give digital value of output, this method applies only when have dc or for slow changing input signal. The 2N clock cycles are counted to achieve N-bit resolution and there by for getting effective sampling rate.Here noise shaping is explained in frequency domain by using sigma delta modulator. In this the integrator which is present in the modulator represents an analog low pass filter with transfer function H(f)=1/f and this transfer function shows that the amplitude not directly proportional to frequency.The one bit quantize gives quantization noise Q and it is given to output sum block. If we have input signal X and output s ignal Y the value that comes out of summing point is X-Y and after that it is multiplied by the transfer function and this is given as,From the equation if we see that if f=0 the output Y reaches X with no noise , and at high frequency the amplitude of the signal reaches zero and noise value reaches Q. So due to this the analog filter has signal effect on low pass and high pass effect on noise Q. This filter does noise shaping at given frequency in delta sigma model and higher order filter gives more attenuation in sigma delta modulators but some(prenominal) precautions should be taken.We get good quantization noise and best ENOB for given sample when we have more integrator and summing points in sigma delta modulator.This figure is giving the kin between order of sigma delta modulator and oversampling amount to reach SNR. If oversampling is taken 60 then the second order capable of giving SNR of 80db and also gives ENOB value as 13 and in this we have filter to reduce noise and d ecimator to decide degree.This carries 13 bit outside but if you want to use additional bits, these added bits that carry signals has no useful value and buried in quantization noise unless the post filtering is used. The resolution can be increased from the 1-bit system by increasing the oversampling ratio or by higher order modulator.In the other method for the waveform output we give current and voltage as input which are 16bit and then given to second order sigma delta ADC where it oversamples input at frequency equal to MCLK/4 and with this it allows for wide range of input signals.The input current channel (channel 0) usable range is increased with the programmable gain amplifier and this is linked with block diagram of MCP3909 and gives in detail of its signal processing blocks.To cancel the system offset on both the channels we use to high pass filter and from output of filter we get voltage and current, so when calculating power we should not get any offset. As this signals are not having DC offset so the averaging technique is used to give active power output.The power signal at we get after filtering is active power output it is DC component and for averaging technique use sine and non-sine waveform after this the ADC takes real power to give output pulse where the frequency is directly proportional to real power. The frequency present at FOUT 0, FOUT1 outputs are used to drive counters and stepper motor which shows power consumed.Every pulse from F0, F1, F2 settings are used to give fixed amount of energy , the HFOUT has less integration and high frequency to represent power signal and due to less time it helps the user to get values fastly under steady condition. .For the current and voltage transducers the MCP3909 analog inputs are connected and each pin has specifications like it should pass from 5kV to 500V contact charge. The differential input is given for both the channels to reduce noise and absolute voltage should be kept at 1V related to AGND so this can do error measurement.The common mode signal is taken to respect both last condition and input voltage difference range and for good common mode ration to should be referred to ground. The current channel has PGA gain to measure small signal with out other signal. The maximum differential voltage we have at channel0 is 470mV/Gain. The maximum voltage fro channel1 is 660mV. For channel 0 gain selection is given as,This MCP3909 has internally POR to check supply voltage AVdd and this check when the systems power is on or off. This POR has built in hysteresis and timer to check potential ripple and noise on power supply. For this the doorstep voltage is typically set to 4V. The MCP3909 is kept in reset state if the supply voltage falls less than threshold voltage and hysteresis value is 200mV to prevent glitches.Once the power is on the internal timer stop sending the pulse with MCLK=3.58MHz there by preventing potential metastability.For calculating the active power t he MCP3909 use digital filter which is first order IIR filter where we can extract real power (DC component) from the power signal. Since the input power signal has harmonic content. We get ripples from the filter output at line of frequency when the filter is not ideal.To reduce the noise for line frequency at 50Hz we use cut off frequency as input clock (MCLK=3.58 MHz). The rejection of frequency component will be more than 20db. In this at the frequency converter the output of filter is stored and then it is helpful to compare threshold for Fout0/1 and HFout and each time threshold is crossed we get pulse.The Fout0/1 require more energy to get output pulse than HFout , like integration period and as this acts as filter the output ripple or noise is minimum. The threshold or transfer function of HFout and Fout0/1 are different to each other.The threshold energy or transfer function are different to each other , the Fout0/1 output frequencies are quite low in order to allow integra tion.In this synchronous serial transmission clock is shared between sender and assimilater or the sender gives timing signal so that the receiver knows when to read next bit of data. In this serial transmission if we do not have data to send then fill character is sent instead of data so to keep transmission continually, these synchronous communication is efficient because in these we have only data transmission between sender and receiver.. for example the synchronous transmission is used between printer and fixed device where data is sent in one set of wire and clock is sent in different wire.This RS 232 is asynchronous serial communication method which is used for computers and others, it is called as asynchronous because there is no synchronizing clock present like which is in SPI where it is serial protocol, the serial protocol is such that it automatically synchronize itself. We can use RS 232 to easily create data link between boards and standard PC, you can makes data log gers that read analog value from ADC and give it to PC this is done by writing program that shows data with using graphs.In serial communication the byte is sent or transmitted one bit at time but in parallel communication the whole data like byte (8 bit) transmitted at a time. So for that we use parallel communication to send data in shorten distance like between graphic card and CPU and these parallel can have say many wires as possible , but serial communication uses one wire to transfer data so it is used for long distance.In series the logic level changes with the bit being transmitted (0 or 1) and to know which is start bit and end bit in byte we need to add synchronize line and note the value of data line when the clock line is high but this is the way the serial buses like SPI work . UART is not having clock because it is asynchronous but start bit and stop bit are used to synchronize the incoming data.When the word is in transmission start bit is added at start of each word and this tells the receiver that data is read to sent and forces the receiver clock to be synchronous with clock of transmitter. These two must not have same frequency drift but can have same clock. After the start bit is sent each bit in word are given least significant bit (LSB) and each bit from transmitter is sent with same time and receiver is in half(prenominal) way to check that bit is one or zero. The sender will not know when receiver looks at the bits but sender knows when the clock says to capture to send next bit of word.When the love data word is sent the transmitter adds parity bit and at the receiver uses this parity bit for error checking and at last the one stop bit is sent by the transmitter, if the receiver does not receive the stop bit when it is supposed to be the UART thinks the wide-cut word to be garbled and reports framing error to host when data word is read. This framing error occurs because the sender and receiver clocks are not running at same speed .Whether the data is sent or not the UART automatically discard start, stop and parity bit and if another word is coming the start bit for new word comes as soon as the stop bit for existing word been sentRS 232In this it has two data line like RX and TX , where TX is the wire where data is sent out to other device and RX is the line in which other device put data it need to send. We know that high = 5v and low =0v for MCU boards and this RS 232 has high=12v and low=-12v. So to make RS 232 to interface with MCU which understands 0 to 5 volts we use MAX232.As RS232 has no clock line for synchronization perfect timing is needed so transmissions are carried out in certain speed which is bits per second and number of bits transmitted per second is know as baud rate rate. Some standard rates are 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600, 19200, etc.RS 232 Level conversionAs seen above the RS232 signals differ from signals in MCU, this level converter will convert RS 232 signals from -12 to 12 volts fro m PC to signal 0 to 5 volts to fed to MCU.It is good to check the operation so we use converter to see its working nature, so for this we need Hyper-terminal windows software which is used to open COM port and to send and receive textual data. For testing we need to connect output RX/TX in concert so data written to COM ports to enter our circuit and converted to MCU board signal level.After this understand the USART of AVR Microcontroller and write code to activate USART to send and receive data, like other microcontrollers AVR also has main hardware for serial communication this is called USART. In this USART hardware you need to write data to one of registers.Clock generation.This germ generates the base clock for transmitter and receiver, this USART supports four modes of clock operation 1. Normal Asynchronous, 2. Double speed asynchronous, 3. Master synchronous and 4.slave synchronous mode. The UMSEL bit in the UCSRC (control and shape register) is the one that selects betwee n synchronous and asynchronous operation. Double speed(asynchronous mode) is controlled by U2X found in UCSRA register. When UMSEL=1 the data direction register for the XCK controls weather the clock source is internal (master mode) or external (slave mode) and this is shown in block diagramTxclk- transmitter clock(internal signal)Rxclk receiver clock(internal signal)Xcki used for synchronous slave operationXcko used for synchronous master operationFcso- system clockBaud rate generatorThe USART Baud rate register and down counter are connected as programmable prescaler or baud rate generator. The down counter which is running at the system clock(fosc) is loaded with UBRR value each time the counter has counted down to zero and clock is generated each time counter reaches zero and the clock generated is the baud rate generator clock output = fosc/(UBRR+1).The transmitter divides the baud rate generator clock output by 2,8.16 depending on the mode and this baud rate generator is di rectly used by receiver clock and data recovery units.The baud rate generator equations are given as,Operating modeCalculating baud rateCalculating UBRRvalueAsynchronous normal modeBaud= fosc/(UBRR+1)16UBRR= fosc/16baud 1Asynchronous double speed modeBaud= fosc/(UBRR+1)8UBRR= fosc/8baud 1Synchronous master modeBaud= fosc/(UBRR+1)2UBRR= fosc/2baud 1External clockThe synchronous mode operation is done by using external clock and external clock input from XCK is sampled by synchronous register to reduce change in stability and the output from synchronous register must pass through edge detector before it is used by transmitter and receiver. This process includes two CPU clock period delay and its frequency is given asFXCK USART of AVRThe USART of AVR is connected to CPU by these six registersUDR- USART Data Register basically this is not one but two register , when you read it data is stored in receiver buffer and when you write it gives to transmitter buffer.UCSRA USART Control and Status Register as it name says it stores some status about USART and there are some of this kind like UCSRB and UCSRC.UBRRH and UBRRL This is USART baud rate register, it i s16 bit wide so UBRRH is high byte and UBRRL is low byte .To write programs with using USART you need to study about each register, the seen behind using USART is same with other internal peripheral. now we will describe each registers clearlyThis bit is set when USART completed receiving byte from host and program should read from UDR and this flag bit is set when unread data is present in receiver buffer and gets cleared when receiver buffer is empty. If the receiver is disabled, the receiver buffer is flushed and the RXC will completely zero.Bit 6- TXC transmit completeThis bit is set 1 when USART has completed transmitting byte to host and program can write new data to USART through UDR. The transmit flag bit is cleared automatically when TXC interrupt is executed.Bit 5 UDRE USART Data Register EmptyThe U DRE flag first tells us that the transmit buffer (UDR) is ready to

Causes and Effects of Growing Terrorism

Ca congresswomans and Effects of Growing solicitudeist actChapter 1IntroductionThe Threat from terrorist act at that place ar truly few humans in the innovation to twenty-four hour period who submit non had their sounds altered or affected in some counsel with terrorist acts or the holy terror from act of act of terrorist act. The higher(prenominal)ly generalized terrorist attacks in the joined invokes, capital of the United Kingdom, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen demesnewide and accommodate lead to sweeping changes in the trade protection postures of some(prenominal) westbound and essential realms, as considerably as to a multi-nation land of struggle in Afghanistan. For those that obligate non felt the lease effects by losing some single cheeseparing to them, in that location ar m what of all time life altering after-shocks pay off had global reach and consequentlyce have effected nearly everyone. Every person who uses public transportation, r ides in a plane/train, or crosses an supranational border exit feel the effects of international terrorist act by dint of vastly increased security measures. terrorist act has changed fo hulk policy for many nations and has lead to wars.1 In all, act of act of terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it in a flash and in the decades to sustain, bequeath dwell to change the world as we know it. foundation Militant Islamic GroupsThere atomic number 18 many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be gravid pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of first harmonic or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find stemmas in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.2 This universe said, in recent times, the nigh unplayful menace to western and unquestionable nations comes from the entire Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militant s have not only topical anesthetic and national reach, only if plenty project their influence regionally and in time globally (as seen with Al alkali and Hezbollah), and thus result be the focus of this dissertation.Shifting SandsSince as far mainstay as history dates, thither has been war between passels. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted divulgestanding armies against one an early(a). Yet at some other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warf atomic number 18 to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were foc apply on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were foc apply on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non- show actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al ground work we have seen that in the present day the non- accede actor terrorist groups have taken essence stage, though this whitethorn be about to change.Attempt to foresee the coming(prenominal)This paper engages the probability of predicting the futurity of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism everywhere years preceding(a) and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data uncommitted from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper volition focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the or so predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It willing attempt to lay out the ontogenesis of terrorism to give some basis for a re follow of the current virtually important trends in terrorism. It will cover the origins of ethno- ultranationalistic (or stir staged) terrorism and get ahead discuss how this has m orphed into the unexampled transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to turn over.Chapter IIEvolution of terrorism Historical RootsMr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global Waron Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and thatterrorism is one of the tactical manoeuvre used in that War.Mac Thornberry(US Congressman)P re-Modern World 1st speed of light BC to the 13th CenturyThe history of 61793 The Origins of Modern TerrorismIn 1793, following the cut revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.7This reign of terror is conventionally kn throw as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.9 Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the scoop and most efficient way to get to their desi red outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an alive political order became a great deal than prominent.1950s The Rise of Non-State TerrorismTerrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warf atomic number 18 tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several(prenominal) factors. These include the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism.In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.10Similarly, the Kurds, a unmistakable ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.131970s The internationalistic Turn of TerrorismInternational terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the hot expect for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft.181990s 21 st Century The Rise of Religious TerrorismThough an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many passing visible uncultivated acts connected during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic gives Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their cause forms of militant extrem ism.19 In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly wild acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim madnessures.Chapter ternaryTrends in TerrorismWhen you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of gage closing and you promise them that if they exhaust innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences atomic number 18. major Changes are AheadThere are major changes coming to terrorism in the years ahead. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the experimental conditions on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below. fullness range will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic ruleIn contrast to the developing world, many change countries are presently, or will soon, see cornucopia rates below the replacement level and hence significant spu rns in nations, excluding the effects of immigration22Militant Islam haps to reverse in both(prenominal)(prenominal) rank and powerIt has been take a crap for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any authority necessary.23Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the shopping centre eastern.27The Terrorist Ranks Are GrowingThe post 9/11 violation of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist driving force, all the same by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sym caterpillar treadizers now have new grounds from which they can unit e their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.32At the heart of the midst East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to concord Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the union forces in a global jihad.35 In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the equivalent objectives.Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda inspired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.39It is clear that RMIGs have significant reason among Europes Muslim cosmos. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a get along plash over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.40It has been proven that Saudi Arabia cont inues to fund and chief(prenominal)tain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to spick-and-span York, and from the Philippines to India.44 Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to.RMIGs Will Gain approach to Weapons of fate DestructionIt must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will spring every crusade to take in that they have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to appoint their knockdown-dragout point.46 Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, capital of Pakistan whitethorn be their provider.Thankfully, thi s seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely feel large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into upstart York City, London or Paris. flush more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical weapons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to arrive at or buy them.47The home plate prominent threat from Muslim extremists is on the riseA 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a absolute majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be take holdle d by extremist religious governments.52 Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this engine room as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West.Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more give birth to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs guardianship to the West.53The deprave of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have streng and soed the global jihadist movement, given them a cultivation ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts.The tornado between the Haves and the Have Nots will continue to increaseT he growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilise the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, by chance portion to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor to a fault whitethorn inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia, this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.54 creation maturation is highest in those countries least able to champion the growthThe greatest cornucopia rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations t he largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).55The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.57 Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most formal projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems supposed(prenominal) as world healthcare only continues to get better.Growing Western prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a dete rmined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food proceeds in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).58Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidlyAccording to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.59In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).62Right now, there are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.63 The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloister urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies.Chapter IVOld TerrorismAny government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the discharge of the innocent and every bit guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. BushOld Terrorism Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsoredWhat are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by government in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate split of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.67A government that is an adversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intuition assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will suspend to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.68 This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian pursuit to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and Kashmir region of India.Forms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism twist a blind eye to the harboring/ musical accompaniment of terror groups in their borders69Governmental or State terrorGovernmental or State terror is o rdinarily seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.73 These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods.State involvement in terrorState involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are tell against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this governmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing c ampaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another(prenominal) past example of this form of terrorism.75A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare.State sponsorship of terrorismState sponsorship of terrorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very robust aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.78Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and O.K. of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.81Chapter VNew TerrorismTerrorism is carried out purposefully, in a c sexagenarian-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial derivative solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delivered into his hands.BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International TerrorismNew Terrorism Transnational or Global JihadismThe first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism act to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the family 11, 2001 attacks.82In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that* The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.83* The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a nitty-gritty to a political end84* The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical it is change rather than centralized85* The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as pos sible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as itsy-bitsy defile as possible86More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.89On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old TerrorismGoalsThe new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, in the first place of those groupswith millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous g oals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own stake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory thus making the grievance more allergic to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.90MeansAccording to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this cadence. 91Organization and structureThe new terrorists are decentralise and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partially meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction,were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.92The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center in the first place around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.93 These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The gro ups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups play analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operational in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Yemen, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own written reporteven if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few main tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.94 Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle95 Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom96 Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining treat of jihad, and thus keep oning its identity97 Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah98 Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemiesespecially the Jews and Crusaders99 Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters100 sight miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen101As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group kinetics based off of social needs that fuels the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom action s is based.102As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States get off Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective duad of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.103Chapter VINew Old TerrorismIn todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin LadenTime magazine profile (16 September 2001)The Pendulum Swings BackFor better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of st ate sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.108Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.115.Iran and HezbollahHezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.119RMIG takeover of Islamic NationsFor other nations that have not been all in all engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there are growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. Th e first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.121 These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance of many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-eastern countries.The spot exploitation in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow.The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands.The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.125In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.126In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.128It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).131Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) wi ll maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body share to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.132Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a carrying out country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the temper of the plot of ground changes drastically.When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has proviCauses and Effects of Growing TerrorismCauses and Effects of Growing TerrorismChapter 1IntroductionThe Threat from TerrorismThere are very few humans in the world today who have not had their lives altered or affected in some way through terrorist acts or the threat from terrorism. The highly publicized terrorist attacks in the United States, London, Madrid, and Mumbai were seen worldwide and have lead to sweeping changes in the security postures of many western and developed nations, as well as to a multi-nation war in Afghanistan. For those that have not felt the direct effects by losing someone close to them, there are many life altering after-shocks have had global reach and thus have effected nearly everyone. Every person who uses public transportation, rides in a plane/train, or crosses an international border will feel the effects of internat ional terrorism through vastly increased security measures. Terrorism has changed foreign policy for many nations and has lead to wars.1 In all, terrorism is rewriting the geopolitical map as we see it now and in the decades to come, will continue to change the world as we know it.Radical Militant Islamic GroupsThere are many religions and political factions that have terrorist cells. In fact, in this day and age, one would be hard pressed to find a country or religion that does not have some form of fundamental or radicalized terrorist group in its midst. Groups espousing terror find roots in Christianity, Islam, Judaism, Buddhism and Hinduism.2 This being said, in recent times, the most dangerous threat to western and developed nations comes from the Radical Militant Islamic Groups. These Islamic Militants have not only local and national reach, but can project their influence regionally and even globally (as seen with Al Qaeda and Hezbollah), and thus will be the focus of this di ssertation.Shifting SandsSince as far back as history dates, there has been war between peoples. Sometimes these peoples were evenly matched, and the battles pitted large armies against one another. Yet at other times, the odds were heavily in favor of one side, and the lesser of these groups had to resort to non-traditional warfare to inflict losses on their enemy. Sometimes these attacks were focused on the enemys military, and sometimes these attacks were focused on the citizenry of the enemy nation. The enemies could be nation vs nation or sometimes they were nation vs a non-state actor group. The pendulum has swung back and forth throughout history as to what is the root of terrorist groups. With the emergence of Al Qaeda we have seen that in the present day the non-state actor terrorist groups have taken center stage, though this may be about to change.Attempt to predict the futureThis paper engages the probability of predicting the future of global terrorism. This is achieved by analyzing the history of the origins and conceptual changes of terrorism over years past and current trends of terrorism as seen through the data available from the terrorism scholars of today. Though terrorism is not a completely Islamic phenomena, this paper will focus on terrorism from Radical Militant Islamic Groups, as this is the most predominant form of terrorism seen in the present day. It will attempt to lay out the evolution of terrorism to give some basis for a review of the current most important trends in terrorism. It will discuss the origins of ethno-nationalist (or state sponsored) terrorism and further discuss how this has morphed into the new transnational (or non-state actor) terrorism of today. Finally the paper will set the stage for the prediction of a future shift back to state sponsored terrorism and outline the reasons why this is going to occur.Chapter IIEvolution of Terrorism Historical RootsMr. Speaker, I agree with those who say that the Global Waro n Terrorism is actually a Global War of Ideas and thatterrorism is one of the tactics used in that War.Mac Thornberry(US Congressman)P re-Modern World 1st Century BC to the 13th CenturyThe history of 61793 The Origins of Modern TerrorismIn 1793, following the French revolution, Maximilien Robespierre instigated a reign of terror on those who opposed the French revolution.7This reign of terror is conventionally known as the birthplace of the word Terrorism.9 Robespierres sentiment is the keystone in the beliefs of many modern terrorists, who consider violence the best and most efficient way to get to their desired outcome. As decades passed, the categorization of terrorism as a state action has blurred, as the idea of terrorism as an attack against an existing political order became more prominent.1950s The Rise of Non-State TerrorismTerrorism in the 1950s got its start from the guerilla warfare tactics popular with many insurgent groups of the time. This rise of guerrilla tactics by non-state actors in the last half of the twentieth century was due to several factors. These included the blossoming of ethnic nationalism (e.g. Irish, Basque, Zionist), anti-colonial sentiments in the vast British, French and Dutch empires, and new ideologies such as communism.In near recent times, terrorist groups with nationalist agendas have sprung up in every part of the world. For example, the Irish Republican Army grew from the desire of Irish Catholics to form an independent republic, and break their ties with Great Britain.10Similarly, the Kurds, a distinct ethnic and linguistic group in Turkey, Syria, Iran and Iraq, have sought national autonomy since the beginning of the 20th Century.131970s The International Turn of TerrorismInternational terrorism came to the forefront as a prominent issue in the late 1960s, when hijacking of large airliners became a favored tactic. In 1968, the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine became the first group to hijack an aircraft. 181990s 21 st Century The Rise of Religious TerrorismThough an argument can be made that the rise of religiously motivated terrorism got its modern day start in Iran and Afghanistan to counter the political issues of the Shah and the Soviet Union, it came to the forefront with many highly visible violent acts committed during the 1990s. Groups that justify their violence on Islamic grounds Al Qaeda, Hamas, and Hezbollah come to mind first. But Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism and other religions have given rise to their own forms of militant extremism.19 In recent years RMIGs have taken center stage for their astoundingly violent acts perpetrated against the citizenry of non-Muslim cultures.Chapter IIITrends in TerrorismWhen you give religiously inspired zealots weapons of mass destruction and you promise them that if they kill innocent people they will go to heaven, imagine what the consequences are.Major Changes are AheadThere are major changes coming to terrorism in the years a head. These changes can be seen from the trends of today, and will deeply change the threat to marked nations by terrorists and the terms on which we must fight the war against RMIGs. The top trends that will influence the changes in Terrorism Globally are summarized below.Fertility rates will lead Western Countries to come under Islamic ruleIn contrast to the developing world, many industrialized countries are currently, or will soon, see fertility rates below the replacement level and hence significant declines in populations, excluding the effects of immigration22Militant Islam continues to grow in both membership and powerIt has been clear for years that many Islamic nations face severe problems with religious extremists who are dedicated to advancing their political, social, and ideological views by any means necessary.23Nearly all of the Muslim lands are overcrowded and short of resources. Many are poor, save for the oil-rich states of the Middle East.27The Terrorist Ranks Are GrowingThe post 9/11 invasion of Afghanistan that lead to the unseating of the Taliban regime deprived Al Qaeda of a safe haven, striking a major blow against the global terrorist movement, yet by not following up effectively on that initial success, a great deal of benefit that could have been solidified was squandered. Additionally, with the invasion of Iraq, Al Qaeda and its sympathizers now have new grounds from which they can unite their members and, more importantly, recruit new ones.32At the heart of the Middle East fundamentalist movement are the wahabists of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabia has recently been forced to enact a program designed to keep Muslim men from going to Iraq to wage war against the coalition forces in a global jihad.35 In this way, the foundation for terrorist cells are built which are independent of Al Qaeda but resolutely committed to the same objectives.Examples of this have been seen in the Madrid railway bombings which were carried out by Al Qaeda insp ired Moroccan terrorist cell who were motivated by the Iraq invasion.39It is clear that RMIGs have significant sympathy among Europes Muslim population. The French riots of October and November 2005 affected at least twenty cities in that country, resulting in 2,888 arrests, leading to a further spill over of violence in Greece, Belgium, the Netherlands, Spain, Denmark, and Switzerland.40It has been proven that Saudi Arabia continues to fund and maintain connections with a broad group of religious schools, stretching from Pakistan to New York, and from the Philippines to India.44 Individuals from Europe and the Middle East are embracing the extremist teachings, traveling to Afghanistan, Kashmir and Iraq to fight, and returning to their own countries, with the rights of western citizens to carry the fight against the very nations they were born to.RMIGs Will Gain Access to Weapons of Mass DestructionIt must be assumed that tomorrows terrorists will make every effort to ensure that th ey have more than unconventional amounts of conventional explosives with which to make their violent point.46 Pakistan represents by far the greatest opportunity for would-be nuclear terrorists to become nuclear terrorists. If Muslim extremists cannot gain access to stolen weapons from the former Soviet Republics, Islamabad may be their provider.Thankfully, this seems not to be a guarantee that terrorists will use nuclear weapons against the potential western targets. RMIGs will most likely receive large, hard to conceal, low-yield devices that will be difficult to smuggle to their target. Though one can be certain that terrorist organizations will try anyway, other weapons of mass destruction (WMD) look to be a much more likely option. Clouds of toxic gas or incompletely weaponized bacteria could find their way into New York City, London or Paris. Even more likely is the chemical weapon threat. As the Japanese cult Aum Shinrikyo, demonstrated in a Tokyo subway in 1995, chemical wea pons are available to essentially anyone who wants them badly enough to put in a modest effort to make or buy them.47The Home Grown threat from Muslim extremists is on the riseA 1994 terrorism study by the US Department of Defense predicted that by 2020 a majority of the worlds most important Muslim lands could be controlled by extremist religious governments.52 Beyond that, for the first time, an Islamic country, Pakistan, has nuclear weapons. As previously mentioned, Islamic extremists view this technology as an Islamic bomb that could be used to promote their apocalyptic ideology, making nuclear terrorism a realistic threat. This threat will grow as Iraq, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and other countries establish fundamentalist regimes that are willing to back the cause of jihad against the West.Saudi Arabia is well on the path to be taken over by a fundamentalist regime, and to attempt to postpone this, the Saud family will continue to provide more support to extremists and endeavor to direct the RMIGs attention to the West.53The overthrow of the Taliban in Afghanistan and the war in Iraq have strengthened the global jihadist movement, given them a training ground and built up the contacts for future terrorist acts.The gap between the Haves and the Have Nots will continue to increaseThe growing gap in wealth between the rich and poor countries looks as if it will further destabilize the world order, continuing to encourage prospective RMIGs in the less developed nations to foment violence against the rich in their own countries, or when available against western targets. This rising gap in wealth within many prosperous nations has the possibility to set off discontent among the less well-off, possibly helping to inspire random violence and acts of domestic terrorism in the West. The growing gap in wealth and income between the rich and the poor also may inspire conversion to Islam in the West, principally among the underprivileged. As seen in England and Australia , this can be a source of violent extremism among both immigrant and native populations.54Population growth is highest in those countries least able to support the growthThe greatest fertility rates are found in those countries least able to support their existing populations the largest population increases projected between 2000 and 2050 include the Palestinian Territory (217 percent), Niger (205 percent), Yemen (168 percent), Angola (162 percent), the Democratic Republic of Congo (161 percent), and Uganda (133 percent).55The Muslim world is reproducing at an extremely high rate, with fertility rates of 7.5 in Afghanistan, 6.0 in Yemen, and 4.9 in Iraq.57 Even these estimates appear to be on the low side. According to CSIS, most official projections underestimate both the fertility rates and age of mortality, as well as making the assumption that life expectancy will grow more slowly in the future, which seems unlikely as world healthcare only continues to get better.Growing Weste rn prosperity relative to other countries with rapidly growing populations and overburdened economies will continue to make the developed nations a target for terrorism. Shortages of food could help to motivate extremism unless the industrialized nations make a determined, visible effort to provide for the worlds poor. (Food production in the next 40 years will need to be significantly higher then ever before in the worlds history to keep the exploding world population from starvation).58Urbanization, will continue to increase rapidlyAccording to the Population Reference Bureaus 2006 World Population Data Sheet, Forty-eight percent of the worlds population currently lives in cities. By 2030 that figure is expected to grow to 60 percent, as approximately 2.1 billion more people move to the worlds urban centers.59In industrialized nations, on average, more than three-fourths of the population lives in urban areas (urban areas are defined differently for each country).62Right now, ther e are billions of people who live in urban areas who lack adequate clean water, shelter, toilets and hygiene areas, and/or electricity.63 The problems this raises with reference to crime, violence, and religious extremism is readily apparent. Concentrating the poor, oppressed and powerless in large cloistered urban centers produces conditions ideal for the spread of crime and the type of religious extremism that lends itself to violent ideologies.Chapter IVOld TerrorismAny government that supports, protects or harbours terrorists is complicit in the murder of the innocent and equally guilty of terrorist crimes. George W. BushOld Terrorism Ethno -nationalist or Ideological, and state sponsoredWhat are the differences between the legitimate tactics used by authorities in the quelling or defence of terrorism, and terrorism itself? Nations at times will use violence to control or manipulate parts of their populace, or use intimidation to get what they desire.67A government that is an a dversary of Country B may apply terror tactics in an effort to make up for real or perceived inadequacies in conventional warfare capabilities. Repression through terror of the indigenous population of their own country may occur to stop the dissent or violent uprising inside the country that Country B might exploit. Special Operations forces, paramilitary forces and state intelligence assets could conduct terrorist operations against Country B interests both inter-regionally and as far outside the countries borders as the abilities of their external security apparatus will allow to destabilize Country B and bring desired visibility to the sponsoring governments issues. Finally, attacks on Country B on their home soil may be conducted by RMIGs of the state or by other domestic proxies.68 This is being seen today in Iraq with the Iranian involvement to destabilize Iraq and kill coalition servicemen, as well as Pakistans efforts to destabilize the Jammu and Kashmir region of India.For ms of State Terror Governmental or State terror State involvement in terror State sponsorship of terrorism Turning a blind eye to the harboring/funding of terror groups in their borders69Governmental or State terrorGovernmental or State terror is normally seen when a regime uses threats or outright terror to its own populace to exert power over or suppress them.73 These weapons were not used against the majority Muslim population in the southern 2/3 of Iraq, where he accomplished his goals using conventional state terror methods.State involvement in terrorState involvement in terror includes the activities where government personnel perform operations using terror tactics that are directed against other nations interests, individuals or private groups that have opposing or controversial opinions/actions viewed as counter to that of the state. In essence, it is governmentally authorized terrorism, though these sanctions hardly ever come to public light. Some past examples of this gov ernmentally authorized terrorism are the assassination include the Soviet and Iranian assassination operations aimed at state dissidents who moved abroad for fear of their lives. Additionally, the targeting and destroying (through a covert bombing campaign carried out by Libyan and North Korean intelligence officers) of international airliners was another past example of this form of terrorism.75A further form of state involvement in terror is pro-state terror. This is a terror campaign carried out by small groups or individual people who have no authorized status in the system. These type of attacks generally are lacking in official support as well. Pro-state terror may have the end result of a desired outcome which the government wants. In these cases, with official use of violent crime tacitly supported by the authorities, even though the groups or individuals have gone outside the rule of punishment of the terrorists is rare.State sponsorship of terrorismState sponsorship of ter rorism, also referred to as state supported terrorism, represents a situation when non-state terrorist organizations are trained, equipped and operationalized by an authorized national governmental agency. A very productive aspects of this support is the providing of safe havens for terrorists organizations.78Examples of state sponsorship of terrorism are the overt support by the government of Syria to Hamas as well as Lebanons overt support and backing of Hezbollah. Syrian funding and the providing of safe havens facilitate many training areas in the Beka Valley territory.81Chapter VNew TerrorismTerrorism is carried out purposefully, in a cold-blooded, calculated fashion. The declared goals of the terrorist may change from place to place. He supposedly fig problems his only solution is the demolition of the whole structure of society. No partial solution, not even the total redressing of the grievance he complains of, will satisfy him until our social system is destroyed or delive red into his hands.BENJAMIN NETANYAHU, International TerrorismNew Terrorism Transnational or Global JihadismThe first efforts to describe a new form of terrorism began to occur in the 1990s, when scholars of terrorism attempted to make sense of a phenomenon they were seeing that did not fit into the previous model of terrorism in the 1970s and 1980s. Attacks such as that of the religious cult Aum Shinrikyo did not make sense without a reconsideration of the old model. In reality, the term new terrorism truly came into its own only after the September 11, 2001 attacks.82In a short comparative of the new and old terrorism, it has been stated that* The new terrorism is justified on religious and apocalyptic grounds, while the old terrorism was rooted in political ideology.83* The new terrorism aims at destruction as an end in itself, while the old terrorism used violent destruction as a means to a political end84* The new terrorism is organizationally distinct from the old terrorism. It is hierarchical (has many equally authoritative points of leadership) and horizontal, rather than hierarchical and vertical it is decentralized rather than centralized85* The new terrorism aims at as much destruction as possible, whether through devastating forms of weaponry or techniques such as suicide terrorism, whereas the old terrorism sought to create a dramatic spectacle with as little damage as possible86More recently, those who write about new terrorism have focused on a perceived new threat of mass casualties caused by chemical, biological or other agents.89On the counter point, when one looks holistically and historically at Terrorism, there seems to be no old or new terrorism, just a Darwinistic evolution of violence for political purposes. Even Martha Crenshaw, the noted terrorism expert who is a staunch advocate against the use of the term New Terrorism states the following in comparing and contrasting the goals, methods, and organization of New and Old TerrorismGoa lsThe new terrorism model assumes uniformly that religion, primarily of those groupswith millennial and apocalyptic ideologies, is the main precipitating factor. The new terrorists are said to have ambiguous goals on the systemic level and to value destruction for its own sake (i.e., the means are the ends). By contrast, the old terrorism is seen as comprehensible, limited, more specific, and often tied to territory thus making the grievance more susceptible to negotiation. How well does the new terrorism model fit the historical record? Crenshaw observes that the religion behind various groups (e.g., Aum Shinrikyo versus Al Qaeda) differs, as do their goals (i.e., local or global). She also notes that some of the old terrorist groups (e.g., the 19th century anarchists and the Red Army Faction) had broad, transnational goals.90MeansAccording to the new terrorism model, groups seek to kill as many people as possible and are particularly drawn to weapons of mass destruction, whereas the old terrorism approach assumed that the groups were limited in their means as well as goals. Crenshaw acknowledged that the new terrorism model best fits with respect to this criterion. 91Organization and structureThe new terrorists are decentralized and networked, are inspiration-driven, and often include amateurs. By contrast, the old terrorists are centralized, top-down, professional organizations that are often state sponsored. The new terrorism distinction only partly meets this criterion as many of the old terrorist groups, such as the Red Army faction,were not so monolithic. The bottom line seems to lend itself to seeing terrorism as not new in kind, but in degree and structure.92The new terror groups of today (Al Qaeda being the most well known) center mainly around religion as a core for recruitment and promulgation of ideology. Islam is the religion of choice and has found a massive following in Middle Eastern Arab Muslims, especially the Wahabists of Saudi Arabia, but the splinter groups, or those groups loosely associated, have worldwide reach.93 These organizations differ significantly from more traditional terrorist organizations of past decades. The groups of today do not depend on the sponsorship of a political state, and, unlike the PLO or the IRA, they are not defined by a particular conflict. Instead, these groups operate analogous to the businesses McDonalds or Starbucks. Al Qaeda is the franchise owner, providing financial and logistical support, as well as name recognition, to local, regional and transnational terrorist groups operating in such diverse places as the Philippines, Algeria, Eritrea, Afghanistan, Chechnya, Tajikistan, Somalia, Yemen, and Kashmir. Local groups may carry out acts in the name of al-Qaeda in order to bolster their own reputationeven if they are not receiving support from the organization. This is possible because the ideology that al Qaeda has developed and promulgated focuses their concepts to stress a few m ain tenants to ensure the survival and spread of the movement. Ensuring the perpetuity of the fight.94 Obeying the individual obligation to fight Islams enemies regardless of the apparent outcome of battle95 Institutionalizing a culture of martyrdom96 Pinpointing Islams enemies through the refining process of jihad, and thus maintaining its identity97 Establishing pride, brotherhood, and unity in the face of threats to the ummah98 Creating a parity of suffering with Islams enemiesespecially the Jews and Crusaders99 Victory is seen in the maladies afflicting Gods enemies, especially economic recession and natural disasters100 Observing miracles and dreams in jihad, which foretell of divine guidance and ultimate victory for the mujahedeen101As long as groups follow these main tenants, and focus their violence against the common enemy, then they are supporting the common cause. Due to this, Scott Atran argues that it is not religion, but group dynamics based off of social needs that fu els the Global Jihadist movement but small-group dynamics involving friends and family that form the diaspora cell of brotherhood and camaraderie on which the rising tide of martyrdom actions is based.102As mentioned by Crenshaw above, one of the main improvements of New terrorism is that of decentralized execution of actions that may or may not have been planned by some higher authority. As stated in the United States Air Force Defense Doctrine publication 1, Decentralized execution is, the delegation of execution authority to responsible and capable lower-level commanders to achieve effective span of control and to foster disciplined initiative, situational responsiveness, and tactical flexibility.103Chapter VINew Old TerrorismIn todays wars, there are no morals. We believe the worst thieves in the world today and the worst terrorists are the Americans. We do not have to differentiate between military or civilian. As far as we are concerned, they are all targets. Osama Bin LadenTi me magazine profile (16 September 2001)The Pendulum Swings BackFor better or worse (and this author believes it is worsemuch worse) the pendulum is swinging back in the direction of state sponsored terrorism. For nations like Pakistan and Iran, the pendulum never moved, as these countries have been manning, training, equipping, and operationalizing terrorist groups for decades.108Iran has consistently been described by the United States as the worlds foremost state sponsor of terrorism. It actively supports terrorist groups, most prominently the Lebanese group Hezbollah.115.Iran and HezbollahHezbollah, a radical Shiite militia based in Lebanon, is a direct product of funding and training by Irans IRGC (QF). It was formally established in 1982 following the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, aimed at uprooting the PLO (Palestinian Liberation Organization) bases there.119RMIG takeover of Islamic NationsFor other nations that have not been wholly engaged in state sponsored terrorism, there a re growing dangers as well. There are two types of new and developing state sponsored terrorism which may very soon roll a number of these nations into the terrorist state fold. The first one, unfortunately, we are all familiar with, as the most accurate example being the Al Qaeda infiltration of Afghanistan. After the Soviet Union finally withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989 the communist Afghani government hung on for three more years, and then was finally overrun by RMIGs.121 These services and practical, day-to-day contributions to the lives of ordinary citizens will provide a legitimacy and underpinning for future political activities by terrorist organizations. This RMIG sponsored ground root social support, combined with the reality that in almost every country in the Muslim world, western focused terrorism already has the sympathy of a majority of the population and the strong allegiance of many, will in the near future give rise to terrorist based governments in many middle-ea stern countries.The second development in state sponsored terrorism is focused at the western nations, with Europe directly in the crosshairs and North America soon to follow.The most dangerous and most likely future development in the spread of terrorism is that caused by population growth and immigration of Muslims into western lands.The bottom line is that there is a near irreversible trend in the expansion of Islam into Europe and Canada.125In essence, Europe in the next 50 years will be of a very different demographic makeup as it is now. Of all population growth in the EU in the last 20 years, 90% has been from immigrants, much of which were Islamic.126In France, though the statistics vary, the Islamic fertility rate is considered much higher than the 1.8 of native Frenchmen, as Islamic immigrants make up only 7.5% of the population yet account for 20% of the fertility rate.128It is not just France. As of 2001, the Muslim population in Great Britain rose from 82,000 in 1991 to 1,600,000 (Estimated at 2,500,000 today).131Compared to the decline in population of a majority of the industrialized nations, The United States (thanks to Latino immigration) will maintain the current fertility rate of 2.11 children per couple, thus providing the body pool to maintain strength in the global economy, as the European Union falls to third place behind the United States and China.132Whether it be by overthrow in an unstable middle-eastern country, or out-breeding the populations of western nations, it can be assumed that RMIGs will gain control of (or at least strong influence over) a functioning country in the next half century. If the terrorists do gain control of a country with a fully functioning and stable government, the nature of the game changes drastically.When terrorists becomethe government, all terrorism is state-sponsored The nations wealth, scientists, laboratories and research facilities can be focused to develop weapons of mass destruction of all types for use in the global jihad. Even in the absence of WMD, by gaining the status and legitimacy of a national government, radical Islamists will present western and developed nations with a difficult problem. We have seen in Afghanistan and Pakistan the benefits that a sovereign safe-haven has provi

John Lennon - Imagine Essay -- essays research papers

Social criticism examines literature in the cultural, economic, and political context of use in which it is written or received. Keeping this definition in mind, it is necessary to understand the political, cultural and economic environment in which Lennon the above famous words. suppose was released in 1970. The late 60s was the time of the Vietnam War and also the time when the peace movement was at its peak. Anti-war demonstrations were a common sight on every street corner. Anti-communist sentiments were at an all time high following the war. The countless lives lost by both sides made plenty realize the thirstiness of war and prompted them to spread the message of love, unity and peace. Due to ubiquitous demonstrations all over the world, there was social unrest. Compulsory military service added to the social unrest. Fathers and Sons odd to fight the war without much hope of returning back alive thus adding to the civil unrest. As always, any period of social unrest has an ill affect on the economy. Due to the huge war expenses and lack of man major power to run the economy, the late 60s and early 70s experienced an economic downturn in the United States which was felt throughout the world. By the end of the 60s, The Beatles had acquired a worldwide fan base and legendary iconic status among the youth of the world. John Lennon, the most prolific and famous of the Beatles, wasnt averse to making political statements through his music. He knew that he had the power t...

Proposal for An Advanced Art Project :: Artist Papers

Proposal for An progress Art Project First off, I need to propose my theme that will breed themajority of my art works in my stated media. Out of painting, print makingand sculpture, I am choosing to work with the latter for two main reasons.One, Im non that great at capturing visual opinions on the somewhat two-dimensional surface of paper or canvas. Adding to that I thought thatsculpture would allow me to have a greater release of creativity as my workcan explode into the third dimension with some(prenominal) added features. Afterpondering upon predilections for a theme, I absent upon four major factors that I wantto incorporate within my work. Firstly, I want it to make a definiteimmediate visual contact with the beauty by dint of use of thought provokingforms and features. Next, I may wish at times to incorporate audiblestimuli to further draw the dish into my work. Thirdly, I want someinteraction of the sculpture with the viewer, so that they can make a mo reintimate contact with the piece through and through tactile and kinaesthetic action, sothat they gum olibanum may get into it more and begin to experience some of thepassion & feeling that I put into my work as it is and then conveyed to andimpressed upon them. As a title theme for my years work I have come up with MultifacetedInteractive Involvement With The Electro- Magnetic Spectrum. Thisincludes legion(predicate) different forms of radiation, light and waves. I am alsointegrating sound to give an added flair. Some practical project examplesthat I intend to carry through and actually construct can be found in ideas11 and 12. As my topic theme is fairly limiting, this is quite challenging,but great, as it allows me to puddle many different forms of work, all tiedin to a common specific point. I thought it also might be interestingthough if I deviated slightly from the main theme and as a secondary littletheme chose something to do with the people in the class surroun ding me. on that point are six in total, including myself and the teacher. on that point are sixsides on a cube and this gave rise to idea for a project. The final resultof this co-relates to idea number 9. Soon after, idea 10 followed as I gotto thinking about the average student of art. This can also include theProposal for An Advanced Art Project Artist PapersProposal for An Advanced Art Project First off, I need to propose my theme that will hatch themajority of my art works in my stated media. Out of painting, print makingand sculpture, I am choosing to work with the latter for two main reasons.One, Im not that great at capturing visual ideas on the somewhat two-dimensional surface of paper or canvas. Adding to that I thought thatsculpture would allow me to have a greater release of creativity as my workcan explode into the third dimension with many added features. Afterpondering upon ideas for a theme, I earn upon four major factors that I wantto incorporate within my work. Firstly, I want it to make a definiteimmediate visual contact with the viewer through use of thought provokingforms and features. Next, I may wish at times to incorporate audiblestimuli to further draw the viewer into my work. Thirdly, I want someinteraction of the sculpture with the viewer, so that they can make a moreintimate contact with the piece through tactile and kinaesthetic action, sothat they thus may get into it more and begin to experience some of thepassion & feeling that I put into my work as it is thus conveyed to andimpressed upon them. As a title theme for my years work I have come up with MultifacetedInteractive Involvement With The Electro- Magnetic Spectrum. Thisincludes many different forms of radiation, light and waves. I am alsointegrating sound to give an added flair. Some practical project examplesthat I intend to carry through and actually construct can be found in ideas11 and 12. As my topic theme is fairly limiting, this is quit e challenging,but great, as it allows me to seduce many different forms of work, all tiedin to a common specific point. I thought it also might be interestingthough if I deviated slightly from the main theme and as a secondary littletheme chose something to do with the people in the class surrounding me. There are six in total, including myself and the teacher. There are sixsides on a cube and this gave rise to idea for a project. The final resultof this co-relates to idea number 9. Soon after, idea 10 followed as I gotto thinking about the average student of art. This can also include the